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319 studies
- Protective and Healing Effects of Zinc L-Carnosine on the Oral Mucosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Severe oral mucositis was less frequent with zinc L-carnosine under a common-effect model (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.72) but not under a random-effects model (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.06).
Meta-analysisHumansWith zinc (as polaprezinc / zinc-L-carnosine) - Dietary Carnosine Supplementation in Healthy Human Volunteers: A Safety, Tolerability, Plasma and Brain Concentration Study
Single doses up to 10 g were safe and generally well tolerated.
Open-label, no control groupHumans - Topical carnosine gel improves intermittent high-intensity exercise performance in world-class rugby sevens players
The authors report treatment (P=1.44 x 10^-7) and time (P=5.49 x 10^-9) effects on peak power.
Randomised controlled trialHumansTopical - Evaluation of supplementary carnosine accumulation and distribution: an initial analysis of participants in the Nucleophilic Defense Against PM Toxicity (NEAT) clinical trial
Carnosine roughly doubled red blood cell carnosine and raised urinary carnosine almost sevenfold compared with placebo.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Carnosine supplementation improves glucose control in adults with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial
Carnosine lowered blood glucose at 90 minutes (-1.31 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and 120 minutes (-1.60 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and reduced total glucose area under the curve (-3.30 mmol/L, p = 0.04) compared with placebo.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Effect of beta-alanine on the athletic performance and blood amino acid metabolism of speed-racing Yili horses
The authors report that the beta-alanine group ran 12.01% faster than controls on day 30, with no significant difference at day 15.
Randomised controlled trialHorsesWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Carnosine Did Not Affect Vascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A 14-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
Carnosine had no effect on peripheral or central blood pressure, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, lipids, liver or renal outcomes compared with placebo.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Unveiling the hidden therapeutic potential of carnosine, a molecule with a multimodal mechanism of action: a position paper
The author describes carnosine as an endogenous dipeptide that is also sold as an over-the-counter food supplement, and lists its proposed mechanisms: neutralising reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators, inhibiting formation of abnormal proteins, and modulating macrophages and microglia.
ReviewOther animalsHumans - Motor unit fatigability following chronic carnosine supplementation in aged rats
The authors report that fast fatigable units held force higher during the 10 to 70 second phase of the first fatigue test in both supplemented groups (p = 0.010), and that fast units declined more slowly in the second test.
Controlled trialOther animals - Efficacy and Safety of Polaprezinc-Based Therapy versus the Standard Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Adding polaprezinc to triple therapy improved eradication in intention-to-treat analysis (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.21, p = 0.003) and per protocol (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.55 to 4.54, p = 0.0004).
Meta-analysisHumansWith zinc (as polaprezinc / zinc-L-carnosine) added to triple therapy - Efficacy and safety of polaprezinc in the treatment of gastric ulcer: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, positive-controlled clinical trial
Effective rates were 81.48% with polaprezinc and 74.31% with rebamipide (p = 0.1557).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith zinc (as polaprezinc / zinc-L-carnosine) - Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle
The authors report a significant main effect of treatment (P=0.004), no main effect of time (P=0.18) and no significant interaction (P=0.08).
Randomised controlled trialHorsesTopical - Carnosine, small but mighty: prospect of use as functional ingredient for functional food formulation
The authors describe carnosine as a dipeptide made from beta-alanine and L-histidine, found in high concentrations in brain, muscle and gastrointestinal tissue in all vertebrates.
ReviewHumansOther animals - Effect of Carnosine or beta-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
In human studies, supplementation reduced HbA1c (mean difference -0.91%, 90% CrI -1.46 to -0.39), HOMA-IR (SMD -0.41, 90% CrI -0.82 to -0.07) and fasting insulin (SMD -0.41, 90% CrI -0.77 to -0.07).
Meta-analysisHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) included alongside carnosine - Dietary carnitine and carnosine increase body lean in healthy cats in a preliminary study
The authors report that carnitine alone and carnosine alone increased lean body mass compared with the control food or the combination food (final lean mass: control 3591 g, carnitine 3805 g, carnosine 3819 g, combination 3542 g).
Controlled trialCatsWith L-carnitine in some arms (carnosine-alone arm also included) - Effect of Oral carnosine supplementation on urinary TGF-beta in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial
Urinary TGF-beta fell by 17.8% from baseline with carnosine and tended to rise (+16.9%) with placebo (between-group p < 0.05).
Randomised controlled trialHumans - L-Carnosine combination therapy for major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
There was a significant time by treatment interaction on HAM-D scores (F = 3.17, p = 0.03).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith citalopram (both groups, up to 40 mg per day) - Histidine-containing dipeptides reduce central obesity and improve glycaemic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Supplemented groups had lower waist circumference (WMD -3.53 cm, 95% CI -5.65 to -1.41, p = 0.001) and lower HbA1c (WMD -0.76%, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.24, p = 0.004) than controls.
Meta-analysisHumansWith histidine-containing dipeptides (carnosine, anserine, beta-alanine studies pooled) - Carnosine in health and disease
The authors state that carnosine was first found in skeletal muscle, where it is most concentrated, and that most research has focused on muscle and on whether supplementation improves athletic performance.
ReviewHumansOther animals - Carnosine decreases PMA-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in murine macrophages
The authors report that carnosine lowered intracellular superoxide and reduced Nox1 and Nox2 expression, and attenuated PMA-induced Akt phosphorylation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral beta-Alanine Supplementation
Paraesthesia was the only side effect reported, with an odds ratio of 8.9 (95% CrI 2.2 to 32.6) versus placebo.
Meta-analysisHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Evaluation of the transepidermal penetration of a carnosine complex in gel formulation by 3D skin models
The authors report medium carnosine at 24 hours of 19.3 plus or minus 3.4 ng/mL for the complex, 12.9 plus or minus 1.6 for free carnosine, 7.1 plus or minus 1.7 for magnesium alone and 6.2 plus or minus 3.8 for control.
Laboratory studyHumansTopicalWith carnosine-magnesium sulphate complex compared with free carnosine and magnesium alone - The effect of 12 weeks carnosine supplementation on renal functional integrity and oxidative stress in pediatric patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
In the carnosine group, HbA1c fell from 8.2% to 7.4%, urinary albumin excretion from 91.7 to 38.5 mg/g creatinine, alpha-1-microglobulin from 16.5 to 9.3 mg/L and malondialdehyde from 25.5 to 18.2 nmol/mL over 12 weeks.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith ACE inhibitor (both groups, background therapy) - l-Carnosine As an Adjunctive Therapy to Risperidone in Children with Autistic Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
No significant difference between groups on the irritability subscale (primary outcome).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith risperidone (both groups) - l-Carnosine supplementation attenuated fasting glucose, triglycerides, advanced glycation end products, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial
Compared with placebo, carnosine lowered fasting glucose (by 13.1 mg/dL), HbA1c (by 0.6%), triglycerides (by 29.8 mg/dL), carboxymethyl lysine (by 91.8 ng/mL) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.05).
Randomised controlled trialHumans - N-acetylcarnosine (NAC) drops for age-related cataract
Two potentially eligible studies were found, one from Russia and one from the United States.
ReviewHumansWith N-acetylcarnosine (carnosine prodrug) eye drops - beta-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Overall effect size was 0.18 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.28).
Meta-analysisHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Systematic review and stratified meta-analysis of the efficacy of carnosine in animal models of ischemic stroke
The authors report that carnosine reduced infarct volume by 29.4% (95% CI 24.0% to 34.9%) across 29 comparisons.
Meta-analysisOther animals - Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise-induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers
Exercise tripled gut permeability (lactulose:rhamnose 0.32 at baseline to 1.0 at day 14 on placebo, p < 0.01).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith zinc (as polaprezinc / zinc-L-carnosine); bovine colostrum in two arms - Effects of carnosine supplementation on glucose metabolism: Pilot clinical trial
Carnosine raised urinary carnosine levels.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Effect of Anserine/Carnosine Supplementation on Verbal Episodic Memory in Elderly People
Delayed verbal recall was preserved in the supplement group compared with placebo (p = 0.0128).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith anserine (3:1 anserine to carnosine formula) - Evaluation of the efficacy of Lactigo topical gel as an ergogenic aid
The authors report Yo-Yo distance of 1606 plus or minus 129 m with no cream versus 1690 plus or minus 125 m with gel (P=0.069), and 3 x 1000 m time of 248.8 plus or minus 9.6 s versus 239.7 plus or minus 12.6 s (P=0.036).
Open-label, no control groupHumansTopicalWith LactiGo gel (carnosine-magnesium complex) applied over a warm-up cream - Polaprezinc reduces the severity of radiation-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer patients
30 of 32 patients (93.8%) reported no complaints from the rinse and there were no serious adverse effects.
Controlled trialHumansTopicalWith zinc (as polaprezinc / zinc-L-carnosine) mouth rinse - Effects of oral administration of orodispersible levo-carnosine on quality of life and exercise performance in patients with chronic heart failure
In the carnosine group, 6-minute walk distance (P = 0.014) and visual analogue quality-of-life score (P = 0.039) improved between baseline and follow-up.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Carnosine concentration in the muscle of thoroughbred horses and its implications in exercise performance
The authors report high carnosine in skeletal muscle and no detectable anserine.
Laboratory studyHorses - Daily Carnosine and Anserine Supplementation Alters Verbal Episodic Memory and Resting State Network Connectivity in Healthy Elderly Adults
Groups did not differ at baseline.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith anserine (carnosine to anserine ratio 1:3) - The protective effects of carnosine in alcohol-induced hepatic injury in rats
Alcohol raised ALT, AST, myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, lowered glutathione, increased caspase-3 and Bax immunoreactivity and reduced Bcl-2.
Controlled trialOther animals - Carnosinases, their substrates and diseases
The authors describe carnosinases as Xaa-His dipeptidases found across all kingdoms of life.
ReviewHumansOther animals - Anserine and carnosine supplementation in the elderly: Effects on cognitive functioning and physical capacity
After 13 weeks, body mass index fell in the supplement group compared with placebo (p < 0.05) and two of six Senior Fitness Test scores rose significantly versus placebo (p < 0.05).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith anserine (2:1 anserine to carnosine, from chicken meat extract) - Carnosine inhibits Abeta42 aggregation by perturbing the H-bond network in and around the central hydrophobic cluster
Carnosine slowed amyloid growth without changing the peptide's conformation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Safety and efficacy evaluation of carnosine, an endogenous neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke
The authors report dose-dependent cerebroprotection with intravenous carnosine, with histological and functional benefits sustained to day 14, and therapeutic windows of 6 hours in the transient model and 9 hours in the permanent model.
Controlled trialOther animals - Carnosine Treatment for Gulf War Illness: A Randomized Controlled Trial
WAIS-R digit symbol scores rose significantly in the carnosine group.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine
The authors describe carnosine as a dipeptide found in skeletal muscle and other excitable tissues, with methylated relatives (anserine, ophidine/balenine) in most animals other than humans.
ReviewHumansOther animals - Molecular identification of carnosine N-methyltransferase as chicken histamine N-methyltransferase-like protein (HNMT-like)
Carnosine N-methyltransferase was purified about 640-fold from chicken muscle, yielding three co-eluting polypeptides of about 23, 26 and 37 kDa.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effect of beta-alanine and carnosine supplementation on muscle contractility in mice
Only 1.8% carnosine and 1.2% beta-alanine markedly raised muscle carnosine (up to +160%) and anserine (up to +46%) compared with control mice.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) in separate arms - Beta-alanyl-L-histidine rescues cognitive deficits caused by feeding a high fat diet in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
The high-fat diet caused significant contextual memory decline versus normal diet.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The influence of a single nucleotide polymorphism within CNDP1 on susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Japanese women with type 2 diabetes
No association was found between D18S880 or any of the 29 SNPs and diabetic nephropathy in the overall sample.
Observational studyHumans - Meal and beta-alanine coingestion enhances muscle carnosine loading
In study A, whole-body retention of slow-release beta-alanine was 97 to 98%, did not decline over 5 weeks and was not changed by coingested macronutrients; 1 to 2% was lost in urine and about 3% went into muscle carnosine, which the authors say indicates most is metabolised.
Controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Coupled Ca2+/H+ transport by cytoplasmic buffers regulates local Ca2+ and H+ ion signaling
Raising intracellular H+ evoked a rise in intracellular Ca2+ independent of sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx or release from mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum or acidic stores.
Laboratory studyOther animals - L-carnosine inhibits neuronal cell apoptosis through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway after acute focal cerebral ischemia
L-carnosine-treated rats had milder neurological deficits and smaller infarct volumes than vehicle-treated rats at 72 hours, with higher STAT3 and Pim-1 mRNA, higher pSTAT3, Pim-1 and bcl-2 protein, and lower cleaved caspase-3.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effectiveness of polaprezinc for low-dose aspirin-induced small-bowel mucosal injuries as evaluated by capsule endoscopy: a pilot randomized controlled study
The median number of reddened lesions and erosions or ulcers fell significantly in the polaprezinc group (p < 0.05).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith zinc (as polaprezinc / zinc-L-carnosine) - Carnosine enhances diabetic wound healing in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes
Carnosine treatment enhanced wound healing significantly in db/db mice, and wound tissue showed increased expression of growth factor and cytokine genes involved in healing.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The influence of sex, age and heritability on human skeletal muscle carnosine content
In boys, carnosine was higher in adolescents than prepubertal children (gastrocnemius 22.9 percent, soleus 44.6 percent) with no such difference in girls.
Observational studyHumans - Carnosine derivatives: new multifunctional drug-like molecules
The authors state that carnosine's many proposed therapeutic properties, mostly related to antioxidant and metal-chelating activity, are limited by the mechanisms governing its homeostasis, which has driven synthesis of derivatives; few have reached application.
ReviewOther animals - Carnosine: new concept for the function of an old molecule
The review traces how understanding of carnosine has changed, from a meat constituent of unknown purpose to a proposed regulator of intracellular signalling and gene expression.
ReviewHumansOther animals - L-carnosine affects the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a metabolism-dependent manner
In glucose media (2%), 10 to 30 mM L-carnosine slowed yeast growth in a dose-dependent way and increased cell death by up to 17%.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnosine to improve cognition in schizophrenia
The carnosine group was significantly faster than placebo on non-reversal trials of the set-shifting test, but reversal reaction times and errors did not differ.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith antipsychotic medication (background therapy) - Beta-alanine (Carnosyn) supplementation in elderly subjects (60-80 years): effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity
Muscle carnosine rose by 85.4 percent with beta-alanine versus 7.2 percent with placebo (p = 0.004).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Effects of carnosine on contractile apparatus Ca2+ sensitivity and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in human skeletal muscle fibers
Carnosine at 8 and 16 mM increased calcium sensitivity, shifting pCa50 by 0.073 and 0.116 in type I fibres and by 0.063 and 0.103 in type II fibres.
Laboratory studyHumans - Low plasma carnosinase activity promotes carnosinemia after carnosine ingestion in humans
Eight of 25 subjects (responders) showed a measurable rise in plasma carnosine up to 1 hour after ingestion.
Open-label, no control groupHumans - Carnosine and cancer: a perspective
The authors state that many claimed therapeutic effects of carnosine have not been substantiated by rigorous experiment.
ReviewOther animals - Determinants of muscle carnosine content
Species is the main determinant of muscle carnosine: aerobically trained female vegetarian athletes (about 13 mmol/kg dry muscle) hold about a tenth of the level in trained thoroughbred horses.
ReviewHumansHorses - Effect of a zinc L-carnosine compound on acid-induced injury in canine gastric mucosa ex vivo
The authors report that acid significantly increased mucosal permeability over time, with changes appearing within 15 minutes, and caused apoptosis that was absent in controls.
Laboratory studyDogsWith zinc (as a zinc L-carnosine compound) - Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis
Beta-alanine produced a larger effect than placebo (median effect size 0.374 versus 0.108; P = 0.002).
Meta-analysisHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Effects of L-carnosine on splenic sympathetic nerve activity and tumor proliferation
Intraduodenal L-carnosine at 3.3 mg/kg significantly suppressed splenic sympathetic nerve activity.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine inhibits KRAS-mediated HCT116 proliferation by affecting ATP and ROS production
Carnosine at 50 to 100 mM decreased ATP and ROS, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased p21waf1.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Computational design of effective, bioinspired HOCl antioxidants: the role of intramolecular Cl+ and H+ shifts
Modelling suggests the three adjacent functional groups of carnosine (imidazole, carboxylic acid and terminal amine) allow an intramolecular chlorine transfer: two proton shifts coupled with a Cl+ shift convert the kinetically favoured imidazole-chlorinated product into the thermodynamically favoured amine-chlorinated product, trapping the chlorine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Protective effect of carnosine on subcortical ischemic vascular dementia in mice
Carnosine at 200 and 500 mg/kg ameliorated white matter lesions and cognitive impairment in both wild-type and knockout mice, while histidine did not.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Role of L-carnosine in the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, thermogenesis, and lipolysis by autonomic nerves in rats: involvement of the circadian clock and histamine
Carnosine altered autonomic nerve activity and the associated physiological functions; these effects were abolished by histamine H1 or H3 antagonists and by lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
ReviewOther animals - Carnosine treatment largely prevents alterations of renal carnosine metabolism in diabetic mice
Kidney CN1 activity increased with age and was significantly higher in diabetic mice than controls.
Controlled trialOther animals - Optimizing human in vivo dosing and delivery of beta-alanine supplements for muscle carnosine synthesis
Across the eight studies that measured muscle carnosine, total grams of beta-alanine consumed correlated linearly with both relative and absolute increases in muscle carnosine; a dose-response study showed R2 of 0.921 over 8 weeks.
ReviewHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Transforming dietary peptides in promising lead compounds: the case of bioavailable carnosine analogs
The authors review evidence that carnosine inhibits AGE and ALE formation in vitro and in some animal models by deactivating reactive carbonyl species.
ReviewOther animals - Common variants in CNDP1 and CNDP2, and risk of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes
rs2346061 in CNDP1 was associated with higher risk of diabetic nephropathy (p = 5.07 x 10^-4) and rs7577 in CNDP2 with nephropathy (p = 0.021) and with estimated GFR (beta = -0.037, p = 0.014), most evident in women.
Observational studyHumans - The carbonyl scavenger carnosine ameliorates dyslipidaemia and renal function in Zucker obese rats
The authors report that both L-carnosine and D-carnosine limited the development of dyslipidaemia, hypertension and renal injury in Zucker obese rats, as shown by urinary parameters and kidney electron microscopy.
Controlled trialOther animals - Effects of sprint training combined with vegetarian or mixed diet on muscle carnosine content and buffering capacity
Five weeks of sprint training did not change muscle carnosine or CARNS mRNA.
Controlled trialHumans - The cytotoxic mechanism of malondialdehyde and protective effect of carnosine via protein cross-linking/mitochondrial dysfunction/reactive oxygen species/MAPK pathway in neurons
Malondialdehyde reduced neuronal viability in a time- and dose-dependent way, causing apoptosis and necrosis, ROS accumulation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and JNK and ERK activation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effects of dietary supplementation of carnosine on mitochondrial dysfunction, amyloid pathology, and cognitive deficits in 3xTg-AD mice
Dietary carnosine strongly reduced hippocampal intraneuronal amyloid-beta and rescued age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Characteristics of oxidative stress in experimental rat brain ischemia aggravated by homocysteic acid
Win55212-2 was protective only when homocysteine was normal, whereas carnosine remained protective when homocysteine was elevated.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Protection against adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy by carnosine in rats: role of endogenous antioxidants
A single dose of adriamycin produced haemodynamic change, histological damage, lower plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and higher lipid peroxidation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Vegetarianism, female gender and increasing age, but not CNDP1 genotype, are associated with reduced muscle carnosine levels in humans
The authors report that men had higher muscle carnosine than women (36% higher in soleus, 28% in gastrocnemius, 82% in tibialis anterior).
Observational studyHumans - Effects of alpha-lipoic acid and L-carnosine supplementation on antioxidant activities and lipid profiles in rats
Skin and liver SOD activity was higher in the alpha-lipoic acid and carnosine groups than in controls (P < 0.05); serum SOD was higher only in the carnosine group, and liver GSH-Px only in the carnosine group.
Controlled trialOther animalsWith alpha-lipoic acid (in two of three treatment groups) - L-carnosine inhibits high-glucose-mediated matrix accumulation in human mesangial cells by interfering with TGF-beta production and signalling
High glucose raised collagen VI and fibronectin by about 1.4 to 1.6-fold.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Mass spectrometry assay for studying kinetic properties of dipeptidases: characterization of human and yeast dipeptidases
At pH 8.0 the turnover rates of CN1 and CN2 were 112.3 and 19.5 per second, making CN1 about 6-fold more efficient; CN2 turnover rose 4-fold at pH 9.2 with no change in Km.
Laboratory studyHumansOther animals - Determination of carnosine, anserine, homocarnosine, pentosidine and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents in meat from different animal species
The authors report horse fillet carnosine of about 2.08% w/w (range 1.73 to 2.54%), anserine about 0.017% and homocarnosine about 0.0047%, with carnosine making up 98.9% of total histidine dipeptides in horse.
Laboratory studyHorsesOther animals - Anserine inhibits carnosine degradation but in human serum carnosinase (CN1) is not correlated with histidine dipeptide concentration
The CNDP1 Mannheim allele was associated with lower serum CN1 activity towards carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine, but activity did not correlate with serum dipeptide concentrations even though anserine and homocarnosine inhibited the enzyme.
Observational studyHumans - Oral carnosine supplementation prevents vascular damage in experimental diabetic retinopathy
Oral carnosine prevented retinal vascular damage over 6 months of hyperglycaemia.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine prevents apoptosis of glomerular cells and podocyte loss in STZ diabetic rats
Hyperglycaemia lowered kidney carnosine, reduced podocyte number (-21% versus non-diabetic), raised apoptotic glomerular cells (32%) and raised Bax (175%) and cytochrome c (117%).
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine pretreatment protects against hypoxia-ischemia brain damage in the neonatal rat model
Carnosine pretreatment significantly reduced infarct volume and TUNEL-positive cells, inhibited AIF and caspase-3 mRNA, raised superoxide dismutase activity and lowered malondialdehyde.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The effect of carnosine pretreatment on oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in binge ethanol administered rats
Binge ethanol raised plasma transaminases and liver triglyceride and lipid peroxides and lowered glutathione, vitamins E and C and some enzyme activities.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The effect of carnosine treatment on prooxidant-antioxidant balance in liver, heart and brain tissues of male aged rats
Aged rats had higher malondialdehyde and diene conjugates in liver and heart but not brain, higher liver protein carbonyls, and lower liver glutathione, vitamin C and superoxide dismutase.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effect of carnosine against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rat
Thioacetamide caused fibrosis, raised transaminases, hydroxyproline and lipid peroxides and lowered antioxidants.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance
At baseline, 100, 500, 2,000 and 6,000 m speeds correlated positively with muscle carnosine.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training
The authors report that carnosine is made in muscle from L-histidine and beta-alanine, with beta-alanine as the rate-limiting precursor, and that chronic oral beta-alanine can raise human muscle carnosine by up to 80%.
ReviewHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Carnosine inhibits degradation of hyaluronan induced by free radical processes in vitro and improves the redox imbalance in adjuvant arthritis in vivo
In vitro, 200 umol/L carnosine protected hyaluronan from free-radical degradation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Molecular identification of carnosine synthase as ATP-grasp domain-containing protein 1 (ATPGD1)
Carnosine synthase was purified about 1500-fold from chicken muscle and database mining identified ATPGD1 as the candidate.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Ginger extract and polaprezinc exert gastroprotective actions by anti-oxidant and growth factor modulating effects in rats
Both ginger extract and polaprezinc reduced ulcer area dose-dependently and lowered xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde in ulcerated mucosa.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc); ginger extract tested in parallel - Effect of anserine ingestion on hyperglycemia and the autonomic nerves in rats and humans
In rats, anserine reduced hyperglycaemia and plasma glucagon, suppressed sympathetic nerve activity and enhanced vagal gastric efferent activity; thioperamide blocked the hypoglycaemic effect, pointing to a histaminergic pathway.
Controlled trialHumansOther animalsWith anserine (carnosine analogue, tested alone) - Dietary supplementation with carnosine improves antioxidant capacity and meat quality of finishing pigs
Carnosine did not change growth or carcass traits.
Controlled trialOther animals - Association Between CNDP1 Genotype and Diabetic Nephropathy Is Sex Specific
The 5-5 homozygous CNDP1 genotype occurred in 28, 36 and 41% of the three nephropathy groups versus 43% of diabetic controls and 42% of population controls, and was significantly less frequent in women in all three patient groups than in diabetic controls.
Observational studyHumans - Antioxidant effect of carnosine pretreatment on cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress in rats
Cisplatin raised kidney malondialdehyde and 4-HNE, lowered glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase, increased kidney weight, reduced body weight and produced pathological changes in kidney tissue.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine supplementation protects rat brain tissue against ethanol-induced oxidative stress
Ethanol raised brain malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls compared with the other groups.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Relevance of allosteric conformations and homocarnosine concentration on carnosinase activity
CN1 activity varied widely between individuals and rose with age, yet protein concentrations did not differ between children and adults; sera from children but not adults were ELISA positive and DTT raised adult signals, indicating different allosteric conformations.
Laboratory studyHumans - Carnosine retards tumor growth in vivo in an NIH3T3-HER2/neu mouse model
Measurable tumours appeared 12 days after implantation in two independent experiments.
Controlled trialOther animals - N-Glycosylation of Carnosinase Influences Protein Secretion and Enzyme Activity: Implications for Hyperglycemia
Tunicamycin completely inhibited CN-1 secretion in transfected Cos-7 cells.
Laboratory studyHumansOther animals - Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine concentrations and exercise performance
The review states that carnosine's imidazole ring (pKa 6.83) lets it buffer intracellular pH over the physiological range.
ReviewHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Carnosine protects against permanent cerebral ischemia in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice by reducing glutamate excitotoxicity
Carnosine improved neurological function and reduced infarct size to the same extent in knockout and wild-type mice, so the effect did not depend on the histaminergic pathway.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Protection from Carnosine in the Striatum of MPTP-Treated Mice
MPTP depleted striatal glutathione, lowered glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and raised malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, nitrite and iNOS activity (P < 0.05).
Controlled trialOther animals - Profiling histidine dipeptides in plasma and urine after ingesting beef, chicken or chicken broth in humans
Carnosine was undetectable in plasma after pure carnosine, beef, chicken or chicken broth.
Open-label, no control groupHumans - Protective effects of L- and D-carnosine on alpha-crystallin amyloid fibril formation: implications for cataract disease
Both L- and D-carnosine inhibited alpha-crystallin fibrillation, restored chaperone activity lost after denaturant and heat stress, and disassembled existing fibrils.
Laboratory studyOther animals - N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eyedrops possess all-in-one universal antioxidant protective effects of L-carnosine in aqueous and lipid membrane environments, aldehyde scavenging, and transglycation activities inherent to cataracts: a clinical study of the new vision-saving drug N-acetylcarnosine eyedrop therapy in a database population of over 50,500 patients
The authors compared the antioxidant and transglycation activity of L-carnosine and N-acetylcarnosine in aqueous and lipid-membrane models and describe newer carnosine analogues.
Controlled trialHumansTopicalWith N-acetylcarnosine (carnosine prodrug) eyedrops - Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles
Beta-alanine raised muscle carnosine by 39% (soleus), 27% (tibialis anterior) and 23% (gastrocnemius).
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Inhibitory effect of carnosine and N-acetyl carnosine on LPS-induced microglial oxidative stress and inflammation
Carnosine and N-acetylcarnosine reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis and iNOS expression by 60 and 70 percent respectively, and both reduced TNF-alpha secretion and carbonyl formation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine and its possible roles in nutrition and health
The author reports that carnosine has shown anti-ageing activity at cellular and whole-animal levels.
ReviewOther animalsHumans - Transport mechanisms of carnosine in SKPT cells: contribution of apical and basolateral membrane transporters
Carnosine uptake from the apical side was about 15-fold higher than from the basolateral side, and apical-to-basolateral transport was strongly limited by efflux across the basolateral membrane.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Influence of genetic knockout of Pept2 on the in vivo disposition of endogenous and exogenous carnosine in wild-type and Pept2 null mice
In Pept2 null mice systemic clearance of carnosine was higher (0.50 versus 0.29 ml/min) and exposure lower (AUC 43.7 versus 73.0 min x microM) than in wild-type.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The effect of 4 weeks beta-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in type I and II human skeletal muscle fibres
Beta-alanine increased carnosine in both the trained (+9.63 mmol/kg dry muscle) and untrained (+6.55 mmol/kg) legs, with significant increases in all fibre types and no difference between types or between legs.
Controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Effects of L-carnosine in preventing and treating rat cataract induced by sodium selenite
At one week the cataract scores were 2.22 (SD 0.65) with 50 g/L carnosine, 2.39 (SD 0.98) with 20 g/L and 2.83 (SD 0.38) with saline; only the 50 g/L group differed from control (P = 0.013).
Laboratory studyOther animalsTopical - The influence of carnosinase gene polymorphisms on diabetic nephropathy risk in African-Americans
Two SNPs (rs6566810 and rs4892247) and several two- and three-marker haplotypes in CNDP1 and CNDP2 were associated with diabetic end-stage renal disease (global empirical P from 0.0275 down to 1.5E-05).
Observational studyHumans - Carnosine facilitates nitric oxide production in endothelial F-2 cells
Carnosine increased nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations above 5 mM.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling
Mean power in the 10-minute time trial (about 300 W) was similar between groups before and after supplementation.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Protective effects from carnosine and histidine on acetaminophen-induced liver injury
Acetaminophen depleted hepatic glutathione and ascorbic acid, raised malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and oxidised glutathione, and lowered glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05).
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith histidine tested in separate arms - Carnosine Increases Efficiency of DOPA Therapy of Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study
Adding carnosine to standard Parkinson's disease treatment was associated with significant neurological improvement.
Controlled trialHumansWith L-DOPA based standard therapy (both groups) - Creatine supplementation augments skeletal muscle carnosine content in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8)
From 10 to 60 weeks of age, muscle carnosine fell 45 percent, taurine 24 percent and total creatine 42 percent.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Protective effect of carnosine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice
Carnosine significantly reduced the cisplatin-induced rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, attenuated the increase in malondialdehyde and the falls in glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and markedly reduced renal tubular necrosis on histology.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine protects against Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated rat PC12 cells
Carnosine pretreatment ameliorated the Abeta42-induced loss of viability.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Increased broiler muscle carnosine and anserine following histidine supplementation of commercial broiler feed concentrate
Histidine supplementation raised breast muscle carnosine by about 64 percent and anserine by about 10 percent.
Controlled trialOther animalsWith histidine (carnosine precursor) - Effects of dietary carnosine and vitamin E on antioxidant and oxidative status of rats
Dietary vitamin E, but not carnosine, raised vitamin E levels, reduced tissue peroxidizability, prevented myodegeneration and reduced erythrocyte haemolytic stress.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith vitamin E (in some groups) - The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition
Muscle carnosine rose by 12.81 +/- 7.97 mmol/kg dry muscle in the beta-alanine group and did not change with placebo.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) with resistance training - Beneficial effects of histidine and carnosine on ethanol-induced chronic liver injury
In mice with established ethanol liver injury, post-intake of histidine or carnosine lowered ALT and AST, reduced malondialdehyde, raised glutathione, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and suppressed CYP2E1 activity, with dose-dependent effects on catalase and CYP2E1.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith histidine (tested in parallel arms) - Chicken Breast Attenuates High-Intensity-Exercise-Induced Decrease in Rat Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Handling
Five weeks of chicken breast extract raised rat muscle carnosine by about 15% and anserine by about 45% (p < 0.01).
Controlled trialOther animalsWith chicken breast extract (carnosine and anserine source) - Safety evaluation of chicken breast extract containing carnosine and anserine
Chicken breast extract had an oral LD50 above 6000 mg/kg in rats.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith anserine (chicken breast extract containing carnosine and anserine) - Structural basis for substrate recognition and hydrolysis by mouse carnosinase CN2
Crystal structures of mouse CN2 complexed with bestatin and Zn2+ (1.7 angstrom) and with Mn2+ (2.3 angstrom) closely resembled each other.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Exclusion of polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) as a cause of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes
No significant association was found between CNDP1 or CNDP2 variants and diabetic nephropathy or end-stage renal disease in type 1 diabetes.
Observational studyHumans - Effect of carnosine, aminoguanidine, and aspirin drops on the prevention of cataracts in diabetic rats
The authors report that lens opacification in diabetic rats progressed in two phases.
Controlled trialOther animalsTopical - Antiglycation and antioxidant effect of carnosine against glucose degradation products in peritoneal mesothelial cells
Carnosine enhanced cell viability, preserved proteins from carbonyl modification and decreased reactive oxygen species, particularly against glucose degradation product toxicity.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine concentration of ingested meat affects carnosine net release into the portal vein of minipigs
Intestinal carnosine matched the carnosine content of the meat, flow to mid-jejunum was complete within about 3 hours and about half the ingested carnosine disappeared from the lumen before the mid-jejunum.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Protective effect of orally administered carnosine on bleomycin-induced lung injury
After intratracheal bleomycin, mice given oral carnosine had less lung damage and inflammation than bleomycin controls at one week.
Controlled trialOther animals - Beta-alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters
Beta-alanine raised soleus carnosine by about 47% and gastrocnemius carnosine by about 37%; placebo produced no soleus change and a small gastrocnemius rise of about 16%.
Randomised controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects
Plasma carnosine was significantly lower in probable Alzheimer's disease (328.4 +/- 91.31 nmol/dL) than in controls (654.23 +/- 100.61 nmol/dL), while L-DOPA was higher.
Observational studyHumans - A leucine repeat in the carnosinase gene CNDP1 is associated with diabetic end-stage renal disease in European Americans
People with diabetes but no nephropathy (P=0.02) and healthy controls (P=0.008) were more often homozygous for the 5-leucine (5-5) CNDP1 genotype than people with diabetic ESRD.
Observational studyHumans - Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity
Muscle carnosine rose 58.8% after 4 weeks and 80.1% after 10 weeks, with no change in the placebo group.
Controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Zinc carnosine, a health food supplement that stabilises small bowel integrity and stimulates gut repair processes
The authors report that zinc carnosine increased epithelial cell migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with about a threefold increase at 100 micromol/L in HT29 cells.
Laboratory studyOther animalsHumansWith zinc (as zinc carnosine) - Carnosine interaction with nitric oxide and astroglial cell protection
Carnosine protected astroglial cells from nitric oxide-mediated death.
Laboratory studyOther animals - HNE Michael adducts to histidine and histidine-containing peptides as biomarkers of lipid-derived carbonyl stress in urines: LC-MS/MS profiling in Zucker obese rats
Three adducts excreted in free form were identified, including carnosine-HNE, which had been proposed in earlier in vitro work as a biomarker of carbonyl stress; free histidine-HNE was found only in protein hydrolysates.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Plasmatic levels of carnosine and L-histidine in horses under treadmill standardised exercise
The authors report that both compounds rose during each test, with histidine always higher than carnosine.
Observational studyHorses - Carnosine is neuroprotective against permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice
The authors report that carnosine significantly reduced infarct size and neuronal damage when given before and after the onset of ischaemia.
Controlled trialOther animals - Carnosine and its constituents inhibit glycation of low-density lipoproteins that promotes foam cell formation in vitro
Carnosine, beta-alanine and L-histidine each inhibited modification of LDL by glycolaldehyde when present at equimolar concentration to the modifying agent.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A CTG Polymorphism in the CNDP1 Gene Determines the Secretion of Serum Carnosinase in Cos-7-Transfected Cells
Diabetic patients without nephropathy were more often homozygous for the 5-leucine allele.
Laboratory studyHumansOther animals - L-carnosine, a substrate of carnosinase-1, influences glucose metabolism
The authors report that db/db mice expressing human CN1 in the liver developed earlier and sustained rises in fasting glucose and HbA1c and lower body weight from glycosuria, while L-carnosine-supplemented mice developed milder, later-onset diabetes.
Controlled trialOther animals - Carnosine, taurine and enzyme activities of human skeletal muscle fibres from elderly subjects with osteoarthritis and young moderately active subjects
Carnosine was 53.2 percent lower in type II fibres of the elderly subjects, which the authors estimate reduces intracellular physico-chemical buffering capacity by at least 7 percent.
Observational studyHumans - Oral administration of chicken breast extract increases brain carnosine and anserine concentrations in rats
Chicken breast extract significantly and time-dependently raised carnosine and anserine in plasma (by 2976 and 4142% at 120 minutes), hippocampus (64 and 78%) and hypothalamus (188 and 120%), but not cerebral cortex.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith anserine (as chicken breast extract) - Purification and characterization of a novel imidazole dipeptide synthase from the muscle of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica
The enzyme was purified 1130-fold, had a native mass of about 275 kDa with 43 kDa subunits, optimal pH about 9.5 and temperature about 60 degrees C, Km values of 44 mM for beta-alanine and 89 mM for pi-methylhistidine, was activated by zinc and inhibited by EDTA, and also hydrolysed the dipeptides.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis
Plasma beta-alanine peaked at 428 (broth), 47 (10 mg/kg), 374 (20 mg/kg) and 833 (40 mg/kg) micromol/L and returned to baseline within 2 hours.
Controlled trialHumansWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) - Renoprotective effects of l-carnosine on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats
Intracerebroventricular L-carnosine dose-dependently suppressed the rise in renal sympathetic nerve activity during ischaemia and the renal injury at 24 hours.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Evidence for rapid inter- and intramolecular chlorine transfer reactions of histamine and carnosine chloramines: implications for the prevention of hypochlorous-acid-mediated damage
Histamine, histidine, carnosine and related compounds formed imidazole chloramines rapidly (rate constant about 1.6 x 10^5 per molar per second), followed by chlorine transfer to more stable primary chloramines.
Laboratory studyOther animals - PEPT2-mediated transport of 5-aminolevulinic acid and carnosine in astrocytes
Carnosine uptake in rat astrocytes was inhibited by dipeptides but not by histidine, was saturable (Vmax 447 pmol/mg/min, Km 43 microM) and pH sensitive.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Allelic variation in the CNDP1 gene and its lack of association with longevity and coronary heart disease
The 5-leucine allele, previously linked to protection from diabetic nephropathy, was the most common allele in all groups, with no difference in allele or genotype frequency between centenarians and controls or between coronary patients and controls.
Observational studyHumans - Carnosine and related dipeptides as quenchers of reactive carbonyl species: From structural studies to therapeutic perspectives
The authors propose that these dipeptides act by trapping reactive carbonyl species.
ReviewOther animals - Carnosine and homocarnosine, the forgotten, enigmatic peptides of the brain
In primary culture, synthesis and uptake of carnosine were shown to occur exclusively in glial cells, with uptake mediated by a high-affinity, energy-dependent dipeptide transporter later identified as PepT2.
ReviewOther animals - Amyloid-beta induced cell death is independent of free radicals
Amyloid-beta caused dose-dependent loss of viability without a significant rise in calcium or reactive oxygen species.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine and Carnosine-Related Antioxidants: A Review
The review describes carnosine as a skeletal-muscle dipeptide that scavenges reactive aldehydes from lipid peroxidation, buffers protons and chelates metals.
ReviewOther animals - Glycation, ageing and carnosine: are carnivorous diets beneficial?
The author proposes that carnivorous diets supply carnosine, a potential anti-glycating agent, whereas vegetarian diets lack it, and discusses possible effects of carnosine and related structures on protein carbonyl stress, AGE formation, secondary diabetic complications and age-related neuropathology.
ReviewHumans - Carnosine as a protective factor in diabetic nephropathy: association with a leucine repeat of the carnosinase gene CNDP1
A CNDP1 trinucleotide repeat variant (the Mannheim allele) was more common in diabetic patients without nephropathy than in those with it (P = 0.0028, odds ratio 2.56, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.84) and was associated with lower serum carnosinase activity.
Observational studyHumansOther animals - Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation
Four weeks of histidine or carnosine raised their content in plasma, heart and liver and lowered plasma glucose and fibronectin; only the 1 g/L doses raised insulin and lowered cholesterol.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith histidine (tested in parallel arms) - LC-ESI-MS/MS determination of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal Michael adducts with cysteine and histidine-containing peptides as early markers of oxidative stress in excitable tissues
The assay quantified glutathione-HNE, carnosine-HNE and anserine-HNE adducts with validated precision and accuracy over 0.4 to 90 nmol/g tissue.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef
Plasma carnosine was undetectable before the meal.
Open-label, no control groupHumans - Carnosine and anserine act as effective transglycating agents in decomposition of aldose-derived Schiff bases
Carnosine and anserine decomposed the first intermediates of non-enzymatic glycation (aldose-derived Schiff bases) by nucleophilic attack on the preformed aldosamine, a mechanism the author terms transglycation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders
Bodybuilders had about twice the muscle carnosine of controls (p < 0.001) and higher muscle histidine (p < 0.05).
Observational studyHumans - Nitric oxide involves in carnosine-induced hyperactivity in chicks
Carnosine-induced hyperactivity was attenuated dose-dependently by L-NAME (200 and 400 nmol) but not by the inactive D-isomer or by a selective iNOS inhibitor.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine protects against the inactivation of esterase induced by glycation and a steroid
Esterase was progressively inactivated by the three sugars and more strongly by the steroid.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Profiling histidine-containing dipeptides in rat tissues by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
The method was linear from 15 to 1000 nmol/g with LOQ 12.5 pmol and LOD 4.2 pmol injected, and intra-day precision below 10%.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effect of carnosine on excitation-contraction coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skeletal muscle
Carnosine raised the calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in a concentration-dependent way (about +0.02 to +0.09 pCa units at 4, 8 and 16 mM).
Laboratory studyOther animals - Anti-crosslinking properties of carnosine: significance of histidine
The authors report that beta-alanine had weaker anti-crosslinking activity than carnosine, that histidine was more effective than carnosine itself, and that acetylating the alpha-amino group or methylating the imidazole of histidine removed its activity.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Gender-related differences in carnosine, anserine and lysine content of murine skeletal muscle
Anserine exceeded carnosine in all adult mouse muscles studied and both dipeptides were markedly higher in males than females.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine disaggregates glycated alpha-crystallin: an in vitro study
Methylglyoxal glycation aggregated alpha-crystallin, raising light scattering; after carnosine was added, scattering returned to baseline, indicating smaller aggregates.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The effect of sprint training on skeletal muscle carnosine in humans
Muscle carnosine increased significantly after 8 weeks of sprint training (P less than 0.05).
Open-label, no control groupHumans - Carnosine uptake in rat choroid plexus primary cell cultures and choroid plexus whole tissue from PEPT2 null mice
Carnosine was taken up mainly from the apical side with limited basolateral efflux.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Acrolein-sequestering ability of endogenous dipeptides: characterization of carnosine and homocarnosine/acrolein adducts by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Both dipeptides quenched about 60% of acrolein at 1 h and more than 85% after 3 h.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Preventive effect of L-carnosine on ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure in rats
Pre-ischaemic L-carnosine dose-dependently attenuated the renal dysfunction and significantly reduced the histological damage at both doses.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Enhanced oligomerization of the alpha-synuclein mutant by the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide system
The A53T mutant oligomerised more than wild-type in the SOD/H2O2 system.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine inhibits (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced protein cross-linking: structural characterization of carnosine-HNE adducts
Carnosine inhibited HNE-induced protein cross-linking by trapping HNE in stable adducts, an effect the authors suggest is enhanced by metal chelation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Possible Role of L-Carnosine in the Regulation of Blood Glucose through Controlling Autonomic Nerves
Dietary carnosine at 0.01% or 0.001%, but not at the larger 0.1%, suppressed the induced hyperglycaemia.
Controlled trialOther animals - Sequence Identification and Characterization of Human Carnosinase and a Closely Related Non-specific Dipeptidase
CN1 and CN2 encode proteins of 56.8 and 52.7 kDa in the M20 metalloprotease family.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine promotes the heat denaturation of glycated protein
Glycation raised the denaturation temperature, free energy barrier and enthalpy of the enzyme.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine is a quencher of 4-hydroxy-nonenal: through what mechanism of reaction?
Carnosine was 10 times more active than L-histidine or N-acetylcarnosine as an HNE quencher, and beta-alanine was inactive, indicating the two residues act synergistically with the beta-alanyl group catalysing addition of the imidazole to HNE.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Detoxification of cytotoxic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes by carnosine: characterization of conjugated adducts by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and detection by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in rat skeletal muscle
Carnosine quenched HNE, consuming 48.2 percent after 1 hour at a 10 to 1 molar ratio, less reactive than glutathione.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Efficacy of N-Acetylcarnosine in the Treatment of Cataracts
At 6 months, 90% of treated eyes improved in best-corrected visual acuity and 88.9% improved in glare sensitivity; 41.5% improved on image analysis (image ratio 0.86 versus 1.04 in controls, p < 0.001).
Randomised controlled trialHumansTopicalWith N-acetylcarnosine (carnosine prodrug) 1% eye drops - l-carnosine and verapamil inhibit hypoxia-induced expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1 alpha) in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts
HIF-1 alpha protein rose rapidly within 30 minutes of hypoxia, and this induction was significantly reduced in cells treated with carnosine or verapamil; both agents also lowered the low normoxic HIF-1 levels.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of L-Carnosine Supplementation in Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorders
The placebo group showed no statistically significant changes.
Randomised controlled trialHumans - Plasma carnosine concentration: diurnal variation and effects of age, exercise and muscle damage
The authors report that carnosine is detectable in horse plasma, which they link to the absence of plasma carnosinase in horses.
Observational studyHorses - Prevention of peroxynitrite-dependent damage by carnosine and related sulphonamido pseudodipeptides
Carnosine and anserine protected tyrosine, alpha1-antiproteinase and human LDL against peroxynitrite-dependent damage, with carnosine acting at concentrations similar to those found in human tissues.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Inhibitory effect of polaprezinc on the inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori
Polaprezinc and zinc sulphate both inhibited IL-8 production dose-dependently between 10^-7 and 10^-5 M, and both reduced neutrophil CD11b/CD18 expression and neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Polaprezinc Attenuates Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastritis in Mongolian Gerbils
Polaprezinc had little effect on H.
Controlled trialOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Protective effects of carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine against peroxyl radical-mediated Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase modification
AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals fragmented and inactivated Cu,Zn-SOD.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The ceruloplasmin and hydrogen peroxide system induces alpha-synuclein aggregation in vitro
Ceruloplasmin plus hydrogen peroxide induced fibrillar alpha-synuclein aggregates and protein carbonyls through hydroxyl radical generation; scavengers, spin traps and penicillamine inhibited aggregation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effects of L-carnosine on renal sympathetic nerve activity and DOCA-salt hypertension in rats
Intravenous L-carnosine (1 microg) inhibited renal sympathetic nerve activity, and diets containing 0.0001 or 0.001 percent L-carnosine reduced the rise in blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
Laboratory studyOther animals - High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting
Muscle carnosine correlated with type IIX fibre proportion (r=0.646, p<0.05) and with mean power per body mass over the whole sprint (r=0.785, p<0.01).
Observational studyHumans - The natural substrate for nitric oxide synthase activity
The authors state there has been little evidence that arginine is the natural substrate for nitric oxide synthase activity.
Laboratory studyOther animals - N-Acetylcarnosine, a natural histidine-containing dipeptide, as a potent ophthalmic drug in treatment of human cataracts
Over 6 months, 41.5 percent of treated eyes showed significant improvement in lens transmissivity, 90 percent improved in best corrected visual acuity by 7 to 100 percent and 88.9 percent improved 27 to 100 percent in glare sensitivity; no treated eye worsened and the benefit was sustained at 24 months.
Controlled trialHumansTopicalWith N-acetylcarnosine (carnosine prodrug) - Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups
The authors argue that the reported delay of senescence and rejuvenation of cultured human fibroblasts by carnosine is not fully explained by its antioxidant, radical-scavenging and metal-chelating actions.
ReviewOther animals - Effect of polaprezinc on impaired healing of chronic gastric ulcers in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats: role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-1
Ulcer healing was delayed in arthritic rats on days 10 and 17, and the rise in IGF-1 mRNA in ulcerated mucosa was attenuated.
Controlled trialOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - In vitro and in vivo inhibition of muscle lipid and protein oxidation by carnosine
Carnosine inhibited lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in muscle homogenates, with minimum effective concentrations of 2.5 and 1 mM respectively; histidine and beta-alanine alone had no effect.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith histidine-supplemented diet (used in vivo to raise muscle carnosine) - Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle
Histidine dipeptides such as carnosine and anserine, together with free histidine in some fish, are major non-bicarbonate buffers in muscle, and buffering capacity differs markedly between muscle types and species.
ReviewOther animals - Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein
Incubation of methylglyoxal-treated ovalbumin with carnosine accelerated the decline in protein carbonyl groups.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine-related dipeptides in neurons and glia
The dipeptides are widely distributed in brain and spinal cord, in neurons and glia including mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, olfactory receptor neurons and putative migrating neuroblasts.
ReviewOther animals - A re-evaluation of the antioxidant activity of purified carnosine
Earlier commercial carnosine preparations contained hydrazine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine as a potential anti-senescence drug
The authors report that carnosine given as a dietary supplement had an anti-senescence effect in experimental animals.
Controlled trialOther animals - Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the anti-ageing peptide?
The authors propose that, beyond its antioxidant and radical-scavenging actions, carnosine may take part directly in inactivating and disposing of aged proteins by reacting with their carbonyl groups.
ReviewOther animals - Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine
Carnosine rescued neurons from zinc- and copper-mediated neurotoxicity.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Polaprezinc exerts a salutary effect on impaired healing of acute gastric lesions in diabetic rats
Diabetes did not change lesion formation but markedly delayed healing; insulin corrected this.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Applicability of zinc complex of L-carnosine for medical use
Polaprezinc is described as the first oral drug in which zinc has an essential role.
ReviewHumansWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Hydrolysis of carnosine and related compounds by mammalian carnosinases
Carnosine was hydrolysed 3 to 4 times faster than anserine or ophidine by both enzymes, while hydrolysis of homocarnosine, N-acetylcarnosine and carcinine was negligible.
Laboratory studyHumansOther animals - Vasodilatory actions of the dietary peptide carnosine
Carnosine produced dose-dependent, endothelium-independent relaxation; L-histidine had no effect and beta-alanine caused dose-dependent constriction.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Cardiovascular effects of carnosine
The authors found carnosine dramatically increased contractility when perfused into isolated rat hearts.
ReviewOther animals - Carnosine prevents the glycation-induced changes in electrophoretic mobility of aspartate aminotransferase
Carnosine at carnosine-to-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ratios of 10:1 or higher prevented glycation-induced modification of the enzyme.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine as a regulator of soluble guanylate cyclase
Carnosine inhibited activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside and by a furoxan NO donor.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Binding of copper(II) to carnosine: Raman and IR spectroscopic study
At pH 7 and 9 carnosine exists as an equilibrium of two imidazole tautomers with tautomer I predominant, and metal coordination shifts this equilibrium.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Raman and IR spectroscopic investigation of zinc(II)-carnosine complexes
Marker bands identified the imidazole tautomer and the nitrogen atoms involved in zinc chelation.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (zinc(II)-carnosine complexes) - Carnosine, the Protective, Anti-aging Peptide
Dietary carnosine reduced the development of senile features in SAM, seen in physical and behavioural measures and in average lifespan.
Controlled trialOther animals - Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain
High carnosine expression in olfactory receptor neurons led to the proposal of a neurotransmitter or modulator role in olfaction, which the authors state has not been fully demonstrated and does not explain the presence of the dipeptides in glial and ependymal cells.
ReviewOther animals - Hydrogen peroxide-mediated Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase fragmentation: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine
Hydrogen peroxide fragmented Cu,Zn-SOD and hydroxyl radical scavengers (azide, formate, mannitol) prevented this, implicating the hydroxyl radical.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius
The authors report that plasma beta-alanine exposure rose from 1130 to 2490 micromol/L.h between day 1 and day 30 (P<0.05), while histidine showed no consistent change.
Open-label, no control groupHorsesWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) with L-histidine - Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts
Late-passage HFF-1 cells kept a juvenile appearance in 50 mM carnosine and reverted to a senescent phenotype when it was removed; switching medium switched the phenotype in both directions.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Ulcerogenic and healing impairing actions of monochloramine in rat stomachs: effects of zinc L-carnosine, polaprezinc
Oral monochloramine above 60 mM caused severe haemorrhagic gastric lesions and a marked rise in thiobarbituric acid reactants.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Effect of polaprezinc (N-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidinato zinc), a novel antiulcer agent containing zinc, on cellular proliferation: role of insulin-like growth factor I
Polaprezinc increased BrdU uptake and cell number in endothelial cells and fibroblasts but not in gastric epithelial cells.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Concentrations of free carnosine (a putative membrane-protective antioxidant) in human muscle biopsies and rat muscles
Patient age was a significant negative predictor of muscle carnosine (R = -0.40), and rat muscle carnosine also fell with age (R = -0.49 in males, -0.56 in females).
Observational studyHumansOther animals - Hydroxyl radical scavenging by carnosine and Cu(II)-carnosine complexes: a pulse-radiolysis and spectroscopic study
Carnosine interacted with hydroxyl radicals through its imidazole group, with or without copper ions.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice
Carnosine raised the 50% survival time by 20% versus controls and increased the number of animals reaching old age.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Ability of carnosine and other skeletal muscle components to quench unsaturated aldehydic lipid oxidation products
Carnosine quenched alpha,beta-monounsaturated aldehydes and HNE more effectively than its constituent amino acids, and at 5 mM reduced headspace trans-2-hexenal (0.5 mM) by 44% after 1 hour.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine and beta-alanine release is stimulated by glutamatergic receptors in cultured rat oligodendrocytes
The authors saw no evoked release of carnosine or beta-alanine with 1 mM glutamate or 0.3 mM kainate alone.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine and taurine contents in individual fibres of human vastus lateralis muscle
Carnosine was about twice as high in type II fibres as in type I fibres (about 23.2 versus 10.5 mmol/kg dry weight).
Laboratory studyHumans - Carnosine, a protective, anti-ageing peptide?
The author summarises reports that carnosine extends the lifespan of cultured human fibroblasts, kills transformed cells, and protects cells against aldehydes and an amyloid peptide fragment.
ReviewOther animalsHumans - Analysis of an H1 receptor-mediated, zinc-potentiated vasoconstrictor action of the histidyl dipeptide carnosine in rabbit saphenous vein
Mepyramine antagonised carnosine-induced contractures (Schild pA2 7.97) and histamine-induced contractures (pA2 8.48).
Laboratory studyOther animals - Vigabatrin increases human brain homocarnosine and improves seizure control
Daily low-dose (2 g) vigabatrin increased both homocarnosine and GABA, and larger doses (4 g) further increased homocarnosine but changed GABA minimally.
Open-label, no control groupHumansWith vigabatrin (antiepileptic drug; homocarnosine was the measured outcome) - Toxic effects of beta-amyloid(25-35) on immortalised rat brain endothelial cell: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and beta-alanine
Beta-amyloid(25-35) was toxic at 200 microg/mL.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A pulse radiolysis study of carnosine in aqueous solution
Carnosine's protonation state determined where hydroxyl radicals attacked the imidazole ring, with C(2) and C(4) the preferred sites.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine modulates zinc and copper effects on amino acid receptors and synaptic transmission
Carnosine alone evoked no membrane current and did not affect currents evoked by glutamate, GABA or glycine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Insulin-like growth factor I plays a role in gastric wound healing: evidence using a zinc derivative, polaprezinc, and an in vitro rabbit wound repair model
IGF-I and fibroblast-conditioned medium accelerated epithelial restoration, including migration and proliferation.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Identification of hydrazine in commercial preparations of carnosine and its influence on carnosine's antioxidative properties
Hydrazine, a strong reducing agent, was detected and structurally identified in commercial carnosine at 0.01 to 0.20 percent by weight.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Histidine-containing dipeptides as endogenous regulators of the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-release channels
Carnosine reduced the rate of calcium accumulation by heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum through a rapid, dose-dependent calcium release via ruthenium red-sensitive channels, with half-maximal effect at 8.7 mM; anserine acted at 2.7 mM.
Laboratory studyOther animals - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres
The authors report recoveries of 91 to 115% and detection limits of 0.005 to 0.010 mmol/kg dry muscle, with all compounds separated in one 55-minute run.
Laboratory studyHorsesOther animals - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-alpha-acetyl-L-carnosine in equine plasma
The author reports recovery of 93.9 to 99.7%, retention time about 5.9 minutes, a detection limit of 0.18 micromol/L and a normal plasma mean of 2.4 plus or minus 0.3 micromol/L in horses.
Laboratory studyHorses - Quenching of singlet molecular oxygen by carnosine and related antioxidants. Monitoring 1270-nm phosphorescence in aqueous media
Carnosine, anserine and ergothioneine quenched singlet oxygen at similar rates (about 3 x 10^7 per M per s), close to L-histidine and imidazole, while taurine and beta-alanine were far less active.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Evidence for a direct interaction of superoxide anion radical with carnosine
At physiological concentrations carnosine reduced chemiluminescence amplitude, similar to superoxide dismutase, and prolonged the lag period, similar to ascorbic acid.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Co-localization of carnosine and glutamate in photoreceptors and bipolar cells of the frog retina
Carnosine-like immunoreactivity was conspicuous in photoreceptors and bipolar cells, with bipolar axon terminals forming five bands in the inner plexiform layer; some amacrine and ganglion cells and Muller cell endfeet were also labelled.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 18 in a child with serum carnosinase deficiency
The child excreted large amounts of carnosine and anserine despite little meat intake; a meat-free diet reduced but did not abolish this.
Case seriesHumans - Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac cells
Carnosine increased contractility dose-dependently (1 to 10 mM) in isolated perfused rat hearts and raised free calcium in isolated myocytes.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Calcium-sensitizing function for the dipeptide carnosine in skeletal muscle contractility
Carnosine released calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and generated tension in skinned fibres, though less potently than caffeine (ED50 6.6 mM versus 1.5 mM).
Laboratory studyOther animals - N alpha-acetylcarnosine is a prodrug of L-carnosine in ophthalmic application as antioxidant
Topical carnosine did not accumulate in the aqueous humour above placebo levels over 30 minutes.
Laboratory studyOther animalsTopicalWith N-acetylcarnosine (carnosine prodrug) - Carnosine metabolism and function in the thoroughbred horse
The abstract states carnosine has a pKa of 6.83.
Observational studyHorsesWith beta-alanine (carnosine precursor) with L-histidine (one chapter); other chapters are observational - Carnosine-synthesis in cultures of rat glial cells is restricted to oligodendrocytes and carnosine uptake to astrocytes
Both glial culture types took up beta-alanine, but carnosine synthesis occurred only in oligodendrocyte cultures from brain and spinal cord and increased with oligodendrocyte differentiation; astroglia depleted of oligodendrocyte lineage cells did not synthesise carnosine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Inhibition of the growth of transformed and neoplastic cells by the dipeptide carnosine
Carnosine at physiological concentrations was cytotoxic to all transformed and neoplastic lines tested in MEM but not in DMEM, a difference traced to 1 mM pyruvate in DMEM; oxaloacetate and alpha-ketoglutarate could substitute for pyruvate.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The dipeptide carnosine constricts rabbit saphenous vein as a zinc complex apparently via a serotonergic receptor
Carnosine at 0.1 to 10 mM produced sustained contractures with greater efficacy than noradrenaline; anserine, homocarnosine, histidine and beta-alanine were ineffective.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as zinc-carnosine complex) - Carnosine and taurine contents of type I, IIA and IIB fibres in the middle gluteal muscle
The authors report carnosine of about 25 mmol/kg dry matter in type I fibres, about 95 in type IIA and about 104 in type IIB.
Observational studyHorses - Residence time of polaprezinc (zinc L-carnosine complex) in the rat stomach and adhesiveness to ulcerous sites
Mean gastric residence time of polaprezinc was about 2 hours, double that of L-carnosine or zinc sulfate, and gastric tissue exposure (AUC 0 to 8 hours) was 1.7 times greater.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith zinc (as polaprezinc) - Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent
The authors report that carnosine was readily glycated when incubated with glucose, galactose, deoxyribose and dihydroxyacetone.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Biosynthesis of carnosine and related peptides by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture
Cultured muscle cells synthesised carnosine and related dipeptides.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Endogenous skeletal muscle antioxidants
Carnosine and anserine concentrations vary widely by species and muscle type and are less affected by diet than alpha-tocopherol or glutathione peroxidase.
ReviewOther animals - Cellular localization of carnosinase in the human nasal mucosa
Carnosinase was found in olfactory supporting cells, Bowman's gland acinar cells and a subset of olfactory receptor neurons, and in secretory vesicles of respiratory goblet and glandular cells.
Laboratory studyHumans - Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on high-intensity exercise performance and skeletal muscle buffering
The two training velocities did not differ in response.
Controlled trialHumans - Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine
Carnosine at 20 to 50 mM retarded senescence and rejuvenated senescent cultures; late-passage cells kept a non-senescent morphology while carnosine was present and reverted to the senescent phenotype when moved to normal medium.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Does carnosine possess direct antioxidant activity?
The author concludes that carnosine is a potent hydrophilic antioxidant with direct non-enzymatic action, characterised by high reactivity towards the hydroxyl radical, but that its known biological effects cannot be explained by antioxidant properties alone.
ReviewOther animals - The mechanism of interaction of carnosine with superoxide radicals in water solutions
In the presence of oxygen carnosine behaved as a multifunctional antioxidant.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Presynaptic co-localization of carnosine and glutamate in olfactory neurones
Carnosine-like and glutamate-like immunoreactivity were selectively co-localised in the same neuronal boutons, which the authors take as support for glutamatergic transmission with a modulatory role for carnosine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Determination of carnosine and other biogenic imidazoles in equine plasma by isocratic reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography
The author reports recoveries of 97 to 105%, detection limits of 58.3 to 80.1 nM, and all compounds resolved within 9.2 minutes.
Laboratory studyHorsesDogsHumans - Histidine dipeptide levels in ageing and hypertensive rat skeletal and cardiac muscles
Skeletal muscle carnosine and anserine fell 35 to 50 percent during senescence and were 35 to 45 percent lower in hypertensive than normotensive rats.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Calcium sensitizing action of carnosine and other endogenous imidazoles in chemically skinned striated muscle
Carnosine shifted the calcium-tension curve to lower calcium concentrations in a concentration-dependent way in frog skeletal and rat cardiac muscle but not in crab muscle.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans
Anserine was undetectable in all samples.
Observational studyHumans - Analysis of novel imidazoles from isolated perfused rabbit heart by two high-performance liquid chromatographic methods
The presence of N-acetylhistidine, N-acetyl-1-methylhistidine, N-acetylcarnosine, N-acetylhomocarnosine, homocarnosine, anserine, carnosine and balenine in heart was confirmed, and these compounds were found in both tissue and perfusate.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Major buffering constituents in animal muscle
Skipjack tuna white muscle had the highest buffering capacity, followed by whale, chicken pectoralis minor and mackerel white muscle.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Estimation of the carnosine content of different fibre types in the middle gluteal muscle of the thoroughbred horse
The authors report that samples with a higher proportion of type II fibre area had higher carnosine content.
Observational studyHorses - Intestinal absorption of the intact peptide carnosine in man, and comparison with intestinal permeability to lactulose
The authors report that large amounts of intact carnosine (up to 14% of the ingested dose) were recovered in urine, while plasma carnosine was undetectable unless carnosinase was inhibited ex vivo.
Laboratory studyHumans - Purification and properties of human serum carnosinase
Human serum carnosinase was purified 18,000-fold; it is a glycoprotein dimer (subunit Mr 75,000, pI 4.4) linked by disulfide bonds, most active on carnosine and anserine and preferring C-terminal histidine dipeptides.
Laboratory studyHumansOther animals - Cellular localization of carnosine-like and anserine-like immunoreactivities in rodent and avian central nervous system
The anserine antiserum was specific while the carnosine antiserum cross-reacted with carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - The histidine-containing dipeptides, carnosine and anserine: distribution, properties and biological significance
The authors state that the biological significance of these muscle dipeptides is still open to question.
ReviewOther animalsHumans - Effect of breed of horse on muscle carnosine concentration
The authors report that Quarter Horses had fewer slow-twitch oxidative fibres, more fast-twitch glycolytic fibres and the lowest share of fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibres.
Observational studyHorses - Inborn errors of carnosine and homocarnosine metabolism
Serum carnosinase deficiency with carnosinuria had been reported in 23 children with neurological signs or intellectual disability.
Case seriesHumans - Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the Thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man
Buffering capacity and carnosine content were highest in the horse.
Observational studyHorsesDogsHumans - Scavenging of singlet molecular oxygen by imidazole compounds: high and sustained activities of carboxy terminal histidine dipeptides and exceptional activity of imidazole-4-acetic acid
Imidazole-4-acetic acid, a major histamine catabolite, was the most active of over 30 imidazole compounds.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Separation and characterization of two carnosine-splitting cytosolic dipeptidases from hog kidney (carnosinase and non-specific dipeptidase)
Both enzymes were cytosolic and were activated and stabilised by manganese and dithiothreitol.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Antioxidant activity of L-carnosine, a natural histidine-containing dipeptide in crystalline lens
Intravitreal liposomes carrying lipid peroxidation products produced posterior subcapsular cataract, with accumulation of fluorescent peroxidation products and a fall in lens glutathione; saturated liposomes did not cloud the lens.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A comparative study of synthetic carnosine analogs as antioxidants
Several cyclic dipeptides (cyclo-histidyl-proline, cyclo-histidyl-phenylalanine and the histidine-free cyclo-tyrosyl-proline) matched carnosine in inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine content of the middle gluteal muscle in thoroughbred horses with relation to age, sex and training
No significant sex difference was found between colts, geldings and fillies.
Observational studyHorses - The effect of carnosine on the healing of a lung wound
Compared with controls, carnosine nearly doubled the speed of reparative processes in the injured guinea pig lung, through activation of fibroblast proliferation, connective tissue generation and intracellular regeneration.
Controlled trialOther animals - Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain
The authors report that carnosine, homocarnosine, anserine and other histidine derivatives trapped peroxyl radicals at physiological concentrations, and that every compound that trapped peroxyl radicals also acted as a reducing agent in cyclic voltammetry.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Detection, characterisation, and quantification of carnosine and other histidyl derivatives in cardiac and skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle carnosine and anserine were separated and measured at concentrations matching published values.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Intracellular pH in human skeletal muscle by 1H NMR
Carnosine imidazole resonances were observed in vivo and gave resting muscle pH of 7.01 +/- 0.04 (C-2 proton) and 6.97 +/- 0.10 (C-4 proton).
Laboratory studyHumans - The antioxidative properties of carnosine, a natural histidine containing dipeptide
The authors report that carnosine reacts directly with lipid peroxidation products and that antioxidant activity is one of its main biological roles.
Laboratory studyDogsOther animals - Monoclonal antibodies to mammalian carnosine synthetase
Four IgG monoclonal antibodies bound carnosine synthetase activity from muscle of all mammals tested (mouse, rat, rabbit, cow, dog, monkey) but not chicken muscle.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Decreased activity of carnosinase in serum of patients with chronic liver disorders
Normal serum carnosinase averaged 4.19 (SD 0.95) umol/mL/h.
Observational studyHumans - Homocarnosinosis: influence of dietary restriction of histidine
Histidine fell by about 90 percent in CSF, plasma and urine.
Case seriesHumans - Action of carnosine and beta-alanine on wound healing
In rats given hydrocortisone to suppress healing, local carnosine significantly increased skin tensile strength at incision wounds compared with untreated animals.
Controlled trialOther animalsTopical - Antineoplastic effects of carnosine and beta-alanine: physiological considerations of its antineoplastic effects
Beta-alanine alone prolonged survival to a T/C of 132%.
Controlled trialOther animals - Role of histidine-related compounds to intracellular buffering in fish skeletal muscle
Marlin red and white muscle had about twice the buffer capacity of trout muscle, and white muscle buffered about twice as much as red in both species.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Serum carnosinase deficiency: a non-disabling phenotype?
The authors describe 10 further people with serum carnosinase deficiency, adding to 13 cases reported before.
Case seriesHumans - Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle
Sprinters and rowers had significantly higher buffer capacity, muscle carnosine and high-intensity run performance than marathoners and untrained men (P < 0.01), who did not differ from each other.
Observational studyHumans - Fluorometric Assay of Human Serum Carnosinase Activity in Normal Children, Adults and Patients with Myopathy
Serum carnosinase activity was very low in infants under one year and rose with age to reach adult levels by about age 6.
Observational studyHumans - Enhanced carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) breakdown and histamine metabolism following treatment with compound 48/80
Compound 48/80 produced a 120 percent rise in muscle histidine decarboxylase activity and a 110 percent rise in histamine at 15 minutes, followed by an 80 percent rise in muscle carnosinase at 1 hour and a 100 percent fall in muscle carnosine at 24 hours; histidine was unchanged.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Possible contribution of skeletal muscle buffers to enhanced anaerobic performance: a brief review
The authors propose that sprint-trained athletes may have a greater intracellular buffering capacity, and that higher glycolytic enzyme activity and a higher fast-twitch fibre proportion do not appear to account for their performance.
ReviewHumans - Homocarnosinosis: lack of serum carnosinase is the defect probably responsible for elevated brain and CSF homocarnosine
Patients with homocarnosinosis were deficient in serum carnosinase, which hydrolyses homocarnosine at about 5 percent of the rate for carnosine.
Laboratory studyHumans - Biosynthesis of carnosine and related peptides by glial cells in primary culture
Glial cells synthesised carnosine and related peptides from labelled beta-alanine.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosine, histidine, and wound healing
Rats fed the lower histidine intake (50% of requirement) grew less well and, 7 days after wounding, had lower skin-breaking strength, collagen deposition and tissue free histidine and carnosine.
Controlled trialOther animals - Human serum carnosinase: characterization, distinction from cellular carnosinase, and activation by cadmium
Average adult serum hydrolysed 42 micromol carnosine per mL per hour, about 17 times earlier literature values; cadmium was twice as effective as manganese as an activator.
Laboratory studyHumans - Neurological disease in a child with carnosinase deficiency
A 12-year-old boy had progressive sensory polyneuropathy with carnosinase deficiency.
Case seriesHumans - Carnosinase deficiency: a new variant with high residual activity
The patient had profound intellectual disability, spastic quadriparesis, optic atrophy and sensory neuropathy with persistent carnosinuria but no carnosinaemia.
Case seriesHumans - Regional distribution of homocarnosine, homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase and homocarnosinase in human brain
Homocarnosine varied about six-fold by region, highest in dentate nucleus and inferior olive, lowest in caudate and mesolimbic regions.
Laboratory studyHumans - Homocarnosinosis: increased content of homocarnosine and deficiency of homocarnosinase in brain
In a 40-year-old woman with homocarnosinosis, homocarnosine was raised 20 to 40-fold in CSF and about 4-fold in frontal cortex, and homocarnosinase activity was undetectable in her brain biopsy.
Case seriesHumans - Purification and characterization of carnosine synthetase from mouse olfactory bulbs
The enzyme was purified about 500-fold to a specific activity near 25 nmol/min/mg, about 11 times that of the chicken pectoral muscle enzyme.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Regional and subcellular distribution of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the central nervous system of rats
Olfactory bulbs had the highest activity of both synthetase and carnosinase.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. IV. Biochemical and morphological evidence for neuronal replacement following nerve section
The three markers of olfactory receptor neurons fell rapidly in bulb and epithelium, reaching a minimum by the end of the first week after nerve section, then returned to about 80 percent of control by one month; carnosinase activity in epithelium was unaffected.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Effect of histidine-free and -excess diets on anserine and carnosine contents in rat gastrocnemius muscle
A histidine-free diet lowered muscle anserine and carnosine, with a particularly marked fall in carnosine, and both returned to normal after one week of rehabilitation.
Laboratory studyOther animalsWith dietary histidine (carnosine precursor), not carnosine itself - Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. III. Effect on enzymes of carnosine metabolism
Carnosine synthetase activity in the mouse primary olfactory pathway exceeded that of other tissues and brain regions, while carnosinase was high only in the olfactory epithelium.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Carnosinase activity of human gastrointestinal mucosa
Carnosinase activity was found in small-intestinal mucosa with kinetic properties similar to the enzyme from other animal tissues.
Laboratory studyHumansOther animals - Glycogen, glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates determined in biopsy samples of musculus quadriceps femoris of man at rest. Methods and variance of values
This is a methods paper.
Laboratory studyHumans - Carnosine in the primary olfactory pathway
Carnosine was present in mouse olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium at concentrations exceeding any previously reported for any brain region in any species.
Laboratory studyOther animals - Some properties of a homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase isolated from rat brain
The enzyme was purified roughly 30 to 40-fold and synthesised both carnosine and homocarnosine with a pH optimum of 7.4.
Laboratory studyOther animals - A patient with a deficiency of serum-carnosinase activity
The patient had severe intellectual disability, generalised convulsions and EEG abnormalities, with marked carnosinuria, no detectable plasma carnosine and greatly reduced serum carnosinase activity.
Case seriesHumans - Carnosinemia: a new metabolic disorder associated with neurologic disease and mental defect
The authors described two patients with a previously unreported disorder of impaired cleavage of imidazole dipeptides (carnosinaemia), found among many inborn errors of amino acid metabolism presenting with abnormal aminoaciduria and intellectual disability or neurological disease.
Case seriesHumans - Ueber das Carnosin, eine neue organische Base des Fleischextractes (On carnosine, a new organic base of meat extract)
This is the paper that first reported carnosine.
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